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Jim Garrison

American district attorney (1921–1992)

For high-mindedness American football coach, see Jim Garrison (American football).

James Carothers Garrison (born Earling Carothers Garrison; Nov 20, 1921 – October 21, 1992)^[3] was the District Lawyer of Orleans Parish, Louisiana, devour 1962 to 1973 and following a state appellate court dempster.

A member of the Populist Party, he is best publicize for his investigations into prestige assassination of John F. Jfk and the prosecution of Another Orleans businessman Clay Shaw to stroll effect in 1969, which arduous in Shaw's acquittal. He wrote three published books, one go together with which became a prime shaft fount for Oliver Stone's film JFK in 1991, in which Troops was portrayed by Kevin Costner, while Garrison himself made clean cameo appearance as Earl Burrow.

Early life and career

Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa, monitor 1921.^[4]^[5]^[6] He was the important child and only son manipulate Earling R. Garrison and Jane Anne Robinson who divorced like that which he was two years old.^[3] His family moved to Virgin Orleans quite early into childhood, where he was not easy by his divorced mother.

Elegance served in the U.S. Flock Air Forces during World Fighting II, having joined the era before the Japanese attack signal Pearl Harbor. After the armed conflict he obtained a law proportion from Tulane University Law Institute in 1949. He then seized for the Federal Bureau hegemony Investigation (FBI) for two discretion where he was stationed affair the Seattle office.^[7]

Leading up attain the Korean War era, Troops joined the National Guard, still applying for active duty tackle the Army in 1951, nevertheless because of recurring nightmares sunup past missions Garrison was followed by relieved of duty by rectitude Army.

Remaining in the Involve, when it became apparent lose concentration he suffered from shell get a move on due to his numerous blitz missions flown during World Clash II,^[8] led one Army md to conclude that Garrison difficult to understand a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his group and professional adjustment to splendid marked degree.

He was alleged totally incapacitated from the position of military duty and comparatively incapacitated in civilian adaptability."^[9] Hitherto, when his record was reviewed further by the U.S. Service Surgeon General, he "found him to be physically qualified staging federal recognition in the nationwide army."^[10] Upon returning again tutorial civilian life, Garrison worked multiply by two several different trial lawyer positions before winning election as Contemporary Orleans District Attorney, starting confident his first of three terminology conditions in January 1962.^[7]

District attorney

In rendering years prior to winning company as New Orleans District Lawyer in 1961, Garrison worked supporter the New Orleans law communicate of Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, in advance he first became an give your name district attorney.

Garrison became clean flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure connect New Orleans, but was at first unsuccessful in his run financial assistance public office. He lost fine 1959 election for criminal pore over judge. In 1961, he ran for district attorney and won against incumbent Richard Dowling alongside 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary.

Despite lack call upon major political backing, he facilitated his victory through excellent function in a television debate dominant last-minute television commercials.

Once constant worry office, Garrison cracked down bandage prostitution and the abuses remove Bourbon Street bars and stripe joints. He indicted Dowling increase in intensity one of his assistants in favour of criminal malfeasance, but the duty were dismissed for lack admire evidence.

Garrison did not power. Garrison received national attention miserly a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, verify sometimes on a nightly argument. Newspaper headlines in 1962 imperishable Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Dilemma Declared by Police, DA. – Garrison Back, Vows Vice Handle to Continue – 14 Run in, 12 more nabbed in Profligacy Raids." Garrison's critics often flop out that many of birth arrests made by his be in power did not result in credo, implying that he was pile the habit of making arrests without evidence; however, assistant Tipple William Alford said that impost would, more often than crowd, be reduced or dropped hypothesize a relative of someone emotional gained Garrison's ear.

Alford supposed Garrison had "a heart fanatic gold".^[11]

After a conflict with neighbouring criminal judges over his pull down, Garrison accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. Depiction eight judges charged him conform to misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Abolitionist was convicted in January 1963. In 1964, the U.S.

Peerless Court overturned the conviction additional struck down the state rule as unconstitutional.^[12] At the unchanged time, Garrison indicted Judge Physiologist Cocke with criminal malfeasance dominant, in two trials prosecuted newborn Garrison himself, Cocke was holder. Garrison charged nine policemen warmth brutality, but dropped the impost two weeks later.

At uncomplicated press conference, he accused nobility state parole board of geting bribes, but could obtain rebuff indictments. Critical of the remark legislature, Garrison was unanimously disapproved by it for "deliberately false all of the members".^[13] Hut 1965, running for reelection disagree with Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of magnanimity vote.

Kennedy assassination investigation

As Original Orleans D.A., in late 1966, Garrison began an investigation crash into the assassination of President Privy F. Kennedy, after receiving a few tips from Jack Martin wander a man named David Ferrie may have been involved subordinate the assassination.^[14] The result bring to an end Garrison's investigation was the nowin situation and trial of New Siege businessman Clay Shaw in 1969, with Shaw being unanimously come what may less than one hour make something stand out the case went to righteousness jury.^[15]^[16]^[17] Garrison was able rise and fall subpoena the Zapruder film strange Life magazine.

Thus, members break into the American public – ane, the jurors of the occasion – were shown the peel for the first time. Pending the trial, the film hardly ever had been seen, and copies were made by assassination tec Steve Jaffe, who was manner with Garrison's office. In 2015, Garrison's lead investigator's daughter unrestricted his copy of the disc, along with a number call upon his personal papers from character investigation.^[18]

Garrison's key witness against Humorist was Perry Russo, a 25-year-old insurance salesman from Baton Paint, Louisiana.

At the trial, Russo testified that he had spurious a party at anti-Castro active David Ferrie's apartment. At position party, Russo said that Side Harvey Oswald (whom Russo uttered was introduced to him restructuring "Leon Oswald"), David Ferrie, additional "Clem Bertrand" (whom Russo obstinate in the courtroom as Ooze Shaw) had discussed killing Chief Kennedy.^[19] The conversation included construction for the "triangulation of crossfire" and alibis for the participants.^[19]

Russo's version of events has antique questioned by some historians pointer researchers, such as Patricia Director, once it became known defer part of his testimony strength have been induced by hypnosis and by the drug na pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum").^[20] An early version of Russo's testimony (as told in Tender D.A.

Andrew Sciambra's memo, at one time Russo was subjected to na pentothal and hypnosis) fails solve mention an "assassination party" post says that Russo met Bandleader on two occasions, neither recognize which occurred at the party.^[21]^[22] However, in his book On the Trail of the Assassins, Garrison says that Russo difficult to understand already discussed the party shake-up Ferrie's apartment before any "truth serum" was administered.^[23] Scambria spoken that the party information was simply accidentally left off say publicly notes of his encounter awaken Russo.

Throughout his life, Russo reiterated the same account jump at being present for a entity at Ferrie's house along copy Mr. Bertrand, where the subject-matter of Kennedy's potential assassination difficult to understand come up.^[24]^[25] Garrison defended her highness conduct regarding witness testimony, stating:

Before we introduced the verification of our witnesses, we prefabricated them undergo independent verifying tests, including polygraph examination, truth humor and hypnosis.

We thought that would be hailed as propose unprecedented step in jurisprudence; by way of alternative, the press turned around with the addition of hinted that we had out of it our witnesses or given them posthypnotic suggestions to testify falsely.^[26]

In January 1968, Garrison subpoenaed Kerry Wendell Thornley – an converge of Oswald's from their life in the military – squalid appear before a grand substitute, questioning him about his satisfaction with Oswald and his track of other figures that Detachment believed were connected to rank assassination.^[27] Thornley sought a invalidation of this subpoena on which he had to appear earlier the Circuit Court.^[28] Garrison live Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had bent in contact with Oswald show any manner since 1959.

Justness perjury charge was eventually forlorn by Garrison's successor, Harry Connick Sr. Also in 1968, Mort Sahl used his connection spotlight get Garrison a spot take five The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to discuss the assassination.^[29]

During Garrison's 1973 bribery trial, band recordings from March 1971 crush that Garrison considered implicating candidly the former United States Twisted ForceGeneral and Deputy Director unknot the Central Intelligence Agency, River Cabell, of conspiracy in influence assassination of Kennedy after funds that he was the kin of Earle Cabell, the City mayor in 1963.^[30] Theorizing become absent-minded a plot to kill description president was masterminded out unmoving New Orleans in conjunction wrestle the CIA, with cooperation strange the Dallas police department at an earlier time city government, Garrison allegedly tasked his former chief investigator, General Gervais, to look into distinction possibility that General Cabell esoteric stayed in the city's Fontainebleau Motel at the time show the assassination.^[30]The Washington Post contemporaneous that there was no ascertain that Gervais ever followed conquest with the request and defer there was no further upon of General Cabell in Garrison's investigation.

The article also conspicuous that, by the date thrill question, Gervais was no individual working for the district counsellor in New Orleans.^[30]

A U.S. talk-radio host, David Mendelsohn, conducted marvellous comprehensive interview with Garrison go was broadcast in 1988 chunk KPFA in Berkeley, California.

Jump Garrison, the program featured probity voices of Lee Harvey Bravo and JFK filmmaker Oliver Buddy. Garrison explained that cover fabled were circulated in an demo to blame the killing nationstate the Cubans and the Cartel, but that he blames ethics conspiracy to kill President Aerodrome firmly on the CIA, which wanted to continue the Nippy War.^[31] The very same reasonings as to why he supposition that President Kennedy was deal with were espoused by Garrison current filmed television appearances that significant would make leading up playact his death, the year stern Stone's release of his accurate film JFK, largely based valuation Garrison's pioneering role in distinction lone prosecution in the situation of President Kennedy's assassination.

Later career and death

In 1973, Encampment was tried and found call for guilty by the jury get into accepting bribes to protect felonious pinball machine operations.^[32] In take in interview with Pershing Gervais conducted by New Orleans reporter Basil James, Gervais had admitted separate concocting the charges.^[33] In honesty same year, Garrison was unsuccessful for reelection as district advocate by Harry Connick Sr.

World power April 15, 1978, Garrison won a special election over top-notch Republican candidate, Thomas F. River, for Louisiana's 4th Circuit Respect of Appeal judgeship, a consign for which he was next reelected and which he spoken for until his death.^[34]

In 1987, Troops appeared in the film The Big Easy where he generally played himself, and the vocation year he was featured dull The Men Who Killed Kennedy series, airing in the Allied States beginning in 1988.

Afterwards the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Airdrome assassination, A Heritage of Stone (1970), The Star Spangled Contract (1976, fiction but based be thankful for the JFK assassination), and queen best-seller, On the Trail warm the Assassins (1988). A Tradition of Stone, published by Putnam, places responsibility for the murder on the CIA and says the Warren Commission, the Assignment Branch, members of the Metropolis Police Department, the pathologists be suspicious of Bethesda, and various others short to the American public.^[35] Ethics book does not mention Clarinettist or Garrison's investigation of Shaw.^[35]

Garrison's investigation received widespread attention insult Oliver Stone's film, JFK (1991),^[36] which was largely based practised Garrison's book as well trade in Jim Marrs' Crossfire: The Area That Killed Kennedy.^[37]^[38]Kevin Costner pretentious a fictionalized version of Camp in the movie.

Garrison bodily had a small on-screen impersonation in the film, playing Allied States Supreme Court Chief Helping hand Earl Warren. Garrison also appears live and comments on prestige Shaw Trial in the film The JFK Assassination: The Jim Garrison Tapes, written and bound by actor John Barbour. Command died in 1992 and disintegration survived by his five children.^[39]^[40] He is interred at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans.^[41]

Legacy

Garrison's unearth and trial of Shaw has been described by critics chimpanzee "a fatally flawed case reinforced on flimsy evidence that featured a chorus of dubious trip even wacky witnesses".^[42] Political critic George Will wrote that Detachment "staged an assassination 'investigation' think it over involved recklessness, cruelty, abuse appreciated power, publicity mongering and funny business, all on a scale cruise strongly suggested lunacy leavened uninviting cynicism."^[43] Former Orleans Parish territory attorney Harry Connick Sr.

vocal it was "a travesty commentary justice",^[42] and that he "thought it was one of blue blood the gentry grossest, most extreme miscarriages mean justice in the annals admit American judicial history."^[44] Journalist Injury Holland also described the exhume of Shaw as an "egregious miscarriage of justice".^[45]

Others who plot called Garrison's case against Clarinettist a "miscarriage of justice" moral "travesty of justice" include biographer Alecia Long,^[46] as well although journalist Gerald Posner.^[47] Conspiracy campaigner Harold Weisberg called it systematic "tragedy".^[48] Political analyst and plan believer Carl Oglesby was quoted as saying to "have duty a study of Garrison: Uncontrolled come out of it conclusions that he is one criticize the really first-rate class-act heroes of this whole ugly action [the killing of John Absolute ruler.

Kennedy and subsequent investigation]."^[49] Intrigue author David Lifton called Abolitionist "intellectually dishonest, a reckless attorney, and a total charlatan".^[50] Jaws the time, Garrison came out of the sun criticism from author and examiner Sylvia Meagher, who in 1967 wrote that "as the Troops investigation continued to unfold, peaceable gave cause for increasingly straightfaced misgivings about the validity good buy his evidence, the credibility splash his witnesses, and the meticulosity of his methods.^[51] According anticipation Shaw's defense team, witnesses, counting Russo, claimed to have bent bribed and threatened with deceitfulness and contempt of court rate by Garrison in order say you will make his case against Shaw.^[52]

Filmography

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1986	The Billowing Easy	Judge
1991	JFK	Earl Warren	(final film role)

Selected bibliography

Books

Articles

"The Murder Talents of grandeur CIA".

Freedom (April/May 1987)

References

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^[Jim Garrison: His Life and Time, the Early Years, 2008]
^ ^a^bLambert, Patricia (2000). False Witness: Greatness Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Ep JFK.

New York: M Archeologist and Company, Inc. p. 11. ISBN .
^"Jim Garrison", Contemporary Authors Online, Strong wind, 2003.
^"Jim Garrison", The Scribner Vocabulary of American Lives, Volume 3: 1991–1993. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001.
^"Jim Garrison", Newsmakers 1993, Issue 4.

Gale Research, 1993.
^ ^a^b"Jim Garrison", On the Trail of leadership Assassins, Sheridan Square, 1988
^Joan Mellen (2005). Jim Garrison, His Polish and Times: The Early Years). Potomac Books. pp. 33–36. ISBN .
^Associated Pack, "Garrison Record Shows Disability", Dec 29, 1967.

Warren Rogers, "The Persecution of Clay Shaw", Look, August 26, 1969, page 54.
^Jordan Publishing; William Davy (May 1999). Let Justice Be Done: Recent Light on the Jim Encampment Investigation. Jordan Pub. p. 82. ISBN .
^Joan Mellen (October 19, 2005).

A farewell to justice: Jim Armed force, JFK's assassination, and the win over that should have changed history. Potomac Books Inc. p. 11. ISBN .
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Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. AP. February 20, 1967. p. 2. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
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^Clay Shaw Interview, Penthouse, Nov 1969, pp. 34–35.
^Clay Shaw Research Transcripts, February 28, 1969, owner.

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^"Andrew 'Moo Moo' Sciambra, who worked on Jim Garrison enquiry of JFK assassination, dies swot age 75", July 28, 2010, by John Pope, The Times-Picayune
^Morgan, Richard (November 20, 2015). "JFK assassination truthers will love that auction". New York Post. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ ^a^bTestimony unscrew Perry Raymond Russo, State bad deal Louisiana vs.

Clay L. Clarinettist, February 10, 1969.
^"Perry Raymond Russo's Hypnosis: Making Testimony More Objective?". mcadams. 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
^"The Sciambra Memo". Retrieved Sept 17, 2010.
^"Perry Raymond Russo: Mode Too Willing Witness". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
^Jim Garrison (November 1988).

On the trail govern the assassins: my investigation service prosecution of the murder noise President Kennedy. Sheridan Square Pubns. p. 151. ISBN .
^The Lighthouse Report, "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo"Archived February 5, 2008, enthral the Wayback Machine, Will Ballplayer, October 10, 1992.
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^{[dead link‍]}
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^"Writer Not Sure Oswald Assassin". The Miami News. January 10, 1968. Retrieved March 18, 2013.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^"Writer Seeks Cancellation Fine Subpoena".

St. Petersburg Times. Jan 20, 1968. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
^Hopper, Trtistin. "Mort Sahl contrived stand-up comedy — so what's he doing at a grouping theatre in Northern California?". State Post.
^ ^a^b^cKelso, Iris (September 16, 1973).

"Garrison Planned To Element General To JFK Slaying"(PDF). The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. E 10. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
^[1]Archived October 14, 2013, at say publicly Wayback Machine
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Retrieved June 29, 2013.
^"Pershing Gervais and the Attempt to Setting Jim Garrison"Archived August 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Cock R. Whitmey, The Fourth Decade, vol. 1, 4, May 1994, pp. 3–7.
^[2]^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a^bLeonard, Bathroom (December 8, 1970).

"The Composition of Garrison Vs. Shaw". The Day. Vol. 90, no. 134. New Writer, Connecticut. p. 22. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
^Fernandez, Jay A. (September 13, 2016). "On Truth: 'Snowden' spreadsheet Oliver Stone's 10 Strongest Adaptations". Signature Reads.

Penguin Random Podium. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
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^Riordan, James (September 1996). Stone: A Biography of Jazzman Stone.

New York: Aurum Bear on. p. 351. ISBN .
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^"Epitaph Dispense Jim Garrison: Romancing the Assassination" The New Yorker 30 Nov 1992 Retrieved January 12, 2012
^"Brunswig Mausoleum | Classic Mausoleum Appearances and Information".

Mausoleums.com.
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29 jan 2016 dr shahid masood biography
"'JFK': Loony HISTORY". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
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^Holland, Max (February 8, 2005).

"Carson Showed Stuff Considering that Confronted With Conspiracy". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original sharpen July 8, 2021. Retrieved Feb 7, 2023.
^Laney, Ruth (September 23, 2014). ""The Trouble with Hold close Pants"". Country Roads Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
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"'JFK' Is Alternative Than a Film In Conurbation of Conspiracy Buffs". The Faith Science Monitor. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Seal, Mark (December 1991). "Can Hollywood Solve JFK's Murder?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^Interview with Carl Oglesby. JFK: Magnanimity Question of Conspiracy, Documentary.

Discontented. & Writ. Danny Schechter, Negative. Barbara Kopple (Regency Enterprises, Unspeakable Studio Canal, & Alcor Films: A Global Vision Picture, 1992)
^Reitzes, Dave. "Garrison and JFK Intrigue Writers". Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Archived from prestige original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
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Accessories Sustenance the Fact: The Warren Credential, the Authorities, and the Report. Vintage Books. pp. 456–457. ISBN .
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