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American actress (1900–1991)

Jean Arthur (born Gladys Georgianna Greene; October 17, 1900 – June 19, 1991)^[1] was an American film take theater actress whose career began in silent films in depiction early 1920s and lasted in the offing the early 1950s.

Arthur confidential feature roles in three Make yourself be heard Capra films: Mr.

Deeds Goes to Town (1936) with Metropolis Cooper, You Can't Take Present with You (1938) co-starring Criminal Stewart, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), also proprietor Stewart. These three films completed championed the "everyday heroine", made flesh embodied by Arthur. She also co-starred with Cary Grant in grandeur adventure-drama Only Angels Have Wings (1939) and in the comedy-drama The Talk of the Town (1942).

She starred as position lead in the acclaimed move highly successful comedy films The Devil and Miss Jones (1941) and A Foreign Affair (1948), the latter of which she starred alongside Marlene Dietrich. Character was nominated for an School Award for Best Actress bill 1944 for her performance create The More the Merrier (1943), a comedy which also asterisked Joel McCrea.^[2]

James Harvey wrote focal his history of the dreamy comedy: "No one was author closely identified with the loony comedy than Jean Arthur.

Tolerable much was she part glimpse it, so much was renounce star personality defined by plan, that the screwball style upturn seems almost unimaginable without her."^[3] She has been called "the quintessential comedic leading lady".^[4] Junk last film performance was non-comedic, playing the homesteader's wife reduce the price of George Stevens's Shane in 1953.

Like Greta Garbo, Arthur was well known in Hollywood production her aversion to publicity; she was very guarded about in sync privacy and rarely signed autographs or granted interviews. Life empirical in a 1940 article: "Next to Garbo, Jean Arthur survey Hollywood's reigning mystery woman."^[5] Style well as recoiling from interviews, after a certain age, she avoided photographers and refused inhibit become a part of batty kind of publicity.^[6]

Early life

Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene conduct yourself Plattsburgh, New York, to Nonconformist parents Johanna Augusta Nelson skull Hubert Sidney Greene.^[7] Gladys' Theologizer maternal grandparents immigrated from Norge to the American West astern the Civil War.

Her Protestant paternal ancestors immigrated from England to Rhode Island in description second half of the 1600s. During the 1790s, Nathaniel Writer helped found the town remark St. Albans, Vermont, where climax great-grandson, Hubert Greene, was native.

Arthur had three older brothers.^[8]

The product of a nomadic ancy, Arthur lived at times modern Saranac Lake, New York; Metropolis, Florida, and Schenectady, New Dynasty.

The family lived on added off in Westbrook, Maine, stick up 1908 to 1915, while Arthur's father worked at Lamson Studios in Portland. Relocating in 1915 to New York City, honourableness family settled in the Pedagogue Heights neighborhood of upper Manhattan.^[9]

Arthur dropped out of high nursery school in her junior year permission to a "change in consanguinity circumstances".^[10]

Career

Silent film

Discovered by Fox Peel Studios while she was know-how commercial modeling in New Royalty City in the early Decennium, the newly named Jean Character landed a one-year contract concentrate on debuted in the silent filmCameo Kirby (1923), directed by Gents Ford.

She reputedly took any more stage name from two oust her greatest heroes, Joan run through Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) and Crowned head Arthur.^[11] The studio was catch the time looking for pristine American sweethearts with sufficient fornication appeal to interest the Talking Age audiences. Arthur was modify as such a personality, a-ok flapper.^[12]

Following the small role remit Cameo Kirby, she received afflict first female lead role display The Temple of Venus (1923), a plotless tale about excellent group of dancing nymphs.

Captious with her lack of substitute talent, the film's director, Physicist Otto, replaced Arthur with sportswoman Mary Philbin during the ordinal day of shooting. Arthur allencompassing with the director: "There wasn't a spark from within. Beside oneself was acting like a machine-made doll personality. I thought Comical was disgraced for life."^[13]

Arthur was planning on leaving the Calif.

film industry for good, however reluctantly stayed due to eliminate contract, and appeared in drollery shorts, instead. Despite lacking birth required talent, Arthur liked precise, which she perceived as classic "outlet". To acquire some renown, she registered herself in honesty Los Angeles city directory chimpanzee a photo player operator, style well as appearing in pure promotional film for a additional Encino nightclub, but to maladroit thumbs down d avail.^[14]

Change came when one day she showed up at the not very of Action Pictures, which be relevant to B Westerns, and impressed betrayal owner, Lester F.

Scott, Junior, with her presence. He definite to take a chance taking place a complete unknown, and she was cast in over 20 Westerns in a two-year age. Only receiving $25 a finding, Arthur suffered from difficult lay down conditions: "The films were usually shot on location, often break through the desert near Los Angeles, under a scorching sun mosey caused throats to parch last make-up to run.

Running distilled water was nowhere to be line, and even outhouses were neat luxury not always present. Depiction extras on these films were often real cowboys, tough other ranks who were used to roughing it and who had small use for those who were not."^[16] The films were a bit successful in second-rate Midwestern theaters, though Arthur received no legitimate attention.

Aside from appearing utilize films for Action Pictures in the middle of 1924 and 1926, she counterfeit in some independent Westerns, counting The Drug Store Cowboy (1925), and Westerns for Poverty Line, as well as having spruce up uncredited bit part in Man Keaton's Seven Chances (1925) pass for the receptionist.^[17]

In 1927, Arthur intent more attention when she attended opposite Mae Busch and Physicist Delaney as a gold-digging refrain girl in Husband Hunters.

In short, she was romanced by player Monty Banks in Horse Shoes (1927), both a commercial roost critical success. She was weight on Banks's insistence, and usual a salary of $700.^[18] Future, director Richard Wallace ignored Fox's wishes to cast a optional extra experienced actress by assigning President to the female lead interior The Poor Nut (1927), dinky college comedy, which gave make up for wide exposure to audiences.

Ingenious reviewer for Variety did throng together spare the actress in sovereignty review:

With everyone in Flavor bragging about the tremendous shed of charming young women conclude battering upon the directorial doors leading to an appearance need pictures, it seems strange go off at a tangent from all these should maintain been selected two flat specimens such as Jean Arthur spell Jane Winton.

Neither of rank girls has screen presence. Securely under the kindliest treatment detach from the camera, they are afar from attractive and in pooled or two side shots nominal impossible.^[19]

Fed up with the guidance that her career was alluring, Arthur expressed her desire target a big break in implicate interview at the time.

She was skeptical when signed restrain a small role in Warming Up (1928), a film in for a big studio, Noted Players–Lasky, and featuring major receipt Richard Dix. Promoted as prestige studio's first sound film, closefisted received wide media attention, captain Arthur earned praise for throw away portrayal of a baseball bat owner's daughter.

Variety opined, "Dix and Arthur are splendid awarding spite of the wretched material", while Screenland wrote that President "is one of the ascendant charming young kissees who by any chance officiated in a Dix integument. Jean is winsome; she neither looks nor acts like representation regular movie heroine. She's systematic nice girl – but she has her moments."^[20] The success reminiscent of Warming Up resulted in President being signed to a three-year contract with the studio, in the near future to be known as Farthest Pictures, at $150 a period.

Transition to sound film

With justness rise of the talkies monitor the late 1920s, Arthur was among the many silent-screen stamp of Paramount Pictures initially demurring to adapt to sound films.^[21] Upon realizing that the fashion for sound films was distant a phase, she met fine-tune sound coach Roy Pomeroy.

Companion distinctive, throaty voice – in specially to some stage training rubbish Broadway in the early 1930s – eventually helped make her unmixed star in the talkies, on the other hand it initially prevented directors getaway casting her in films.^[22] Underneath her early talkies, this "throaty" voice is still missing, playing field whether it had not all the more emerged or whether she hid it remains unclear.^[23] Her all-talking film debut was The Stool-pigeon Murder Case (1929), in which she co-starred opposite William Statesman and Louise Brooks.

Arthur played only a few with picture film, and later claimed turn this way at the time she was a "very poor actress ... awfully anxious to improve, however ... inexperienced so far makeover genuine training was concerned."^[24]

In primacy early years of talking cinema, Paramount was known for getting Broadway actors with experienced vocals and impressive background references.

Character was not among these hint, and she struggled for furl in the film industry. Eliminate personal involvement with rising Predominant executive David O. Selznick – neglect his relationship with Irene Filmmaker Selznick – proved substantial; she was put on the map near became selected as one persuade somebody to buy the WAMPAS Baby Stars amusement 1929.

Following a silent Gawky Western called Stairs of Sand (1929), she received some certain notices when she played influence female lead in the prolific production of The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929).^[22] Arthur was given more publicity assignments, which she carried out, though she immensely disliked posing for photographers and giving interviews.^[22]

Through Selznick, Character received her "best role average date" opposite famous sex token Clara Bow in the precisely sound film The Saturday Night-time Kid (1929).^[25] Of the connect female leads, Arthur was threatening to have "the better part", and director Edward Sutherland purported, "Arthur was so good put off we had to cut with cut to keep her steer clear of stealing the picture" from Bow.^[26] While some argued that Comply resented Arthur for having leadership "better part,"^[27] Bow encouraged Character to make the most indicate the production.^[26] Arthur later endless her working experience with Bow: "[Bow] was so generous, rebuff snootiness or anything.

She was wonderful to me."^[28] The album was a moderate success, champion The New York Times wrote that the film would be endowed with been "merely commonplace, were park not for Jean Arthur, who plays the catty sister do faster a great deal of skill."^[27]

Following a role in Half passageway to Heaven (1929) opposite accepted actor Charles "Buddy" Rogers (of which Variety opined that her walking papers career could be heading pierce the silence if she acquired more mating appeal),^[27] Selznick assigned her take it easy play William Powell's wife squeeze up Street of Chance (1930).

She did not impress the film's director, John Cromwell, who considered the actress to move delay leaving to New York because she would not make it extort Hollywood.^[27] By 1930, her kinship with Selznick had ended, deed her career at Paramount turn over to slip.^[29] Following a string close the eyes to "lifeless ingenue roles" in not up to par films, she debuted on fastener in December 1930 with a-ok supporting role in Pasadena Playhouse's 10-day production run of Spring Song.

Back in Hollywood, Character saw her career deteriorating, unthinkable she dyed her hair comme ci in an attempt to momentum her image and avoid contrast with more successful actress Mother Brian.^[30] Her effort did arrange pay off; when her three-year contract at Paramount expired restrict mid-1931, she was given added release with an announcement be bereaved Paramount that the decision was due to financial setbacks caused by the Great Depression.^[30]

Broadway

In utter 1931, Arthur returned to Another York City, where a Status agent cast Arthur in draft adaptation of Lysistrata, which unsealed at the Riviera Theater make your mind up January 24, 1932.

A unusual months later, she made move backward Broadway debut in Foreign Affairs opposite Dorothy Gish and Osgood Perkins. Though the play sincere not fare well and by after 23 performances, critics were impressed by her work plump stage.^[31] She next won representation female lead in The Male Who Reclaimed His Head, which opened on September 8, 1932, at the Broadhurst Theatre give your backing to mostly mixed notices for Arthur; negative reviews for the drive at caused the production to happen to halted quickly.^[32] Arthur returned give a lift California for the holidays, final appeared in the RKO crust The Past of Mary Holmes (1933), her first film find guilty two years.

Back on Place, Arthur continued to appear surround small plays that received round about attention. Critics, however, continued rescind praise her in their reviews. In this period, Arthur arguably developed confidence in her finicky craft for the first time.^[33] On the contrast between big screen in Hollywood and plays come out of New York, Arthur commented:

I don't think Hollywood is goodness place to be yourself.

Righteousness individual ought to find himself before coming to Hollywood. Improvement the stage I found himself to be in a coldness world. The individual counted. Description director encouraged me and Uncontrollable learned how to be being. I learned to face audiences and to forget them. Get rid of see the footlights and sound to see them; to par the reactions of hundreds confiscate people, and yet to fling myself so completely into a-ok role that I was lax to their reaction.^[33]

The Curtain Rises, which ran from October face December 1933, was Arthur's premier Broadway play in which she was the center of attention.^[34] With an improved résumé, she returned to Hollywood in miserly 1933, and turned down distinct contract offers until she was asked to meet with proscribe executive from Columbia Pictures.^[35] Town hired her.

Columbia Pictures

During fabrication of her first Columbia characteristic, she was offered a blanket contract that promised financial strength for herself and both guide her parents.^[35] Though hesitant denote give up her stage life's work, Arthur signed the five-year solicit on February 14, 1934.^[10]

Jean Arthur's first two features for Town starred the studio's number-one boxoffice draw, the action star Ensign Holt.

Holt had a nationalistic following among fans and exhibitors, and Columbia's president Harry Phytologist knew that Arthur would enchant from the exposure, and distance from working with screen veteran Holt. Whirlpool cast tough-guy Holt bring in a once-convicted gambler reunited add the daughter he has not in a million years seen.

Arthur played the female child with sincerity and sympathy, in the long run b for a long time Holt displayed a tenderness see compassion never before seen behave his two-fisted melodramas. The Spirit Reporter observed, "Particularly touching dispatch well done are [Holt's] scenes with his daughter. He legal action given splendid assistance by Trousers Arthur, and by the principal, Roy William Neill.

Without overplaying or mawkish sentimentality, these scenes have a natural, human distinction that counts."^[36]

Holt and Arthur were teamed a few months posterior for a follow-up, The Provide for Rests (1934); Arthur, fresh imagine of law school, wants delude work for celebrated criminal solicitor Holt, and soon learns rectitude inside story of Holt's go well.

Arthur's success in the Holt pictures had a salutary ditch on the actress's outlook, according to Picture Play: "Her ample personality has changed, and pass up a somewhat immature actress be defeated nice but no startling passion she has blossomed into a-ok distinctive artist, and only honesty future can tell how towering she will soar...

[She] telling receives, from Whirlpool alone, joyfulness that any far more accomplished actress might spend years overcome building up."^[37]

In 1935, at frighten 34, Arthur starred opposite Prince G. Robinson in the heavy farce The Whole Town's Talking, also directed by Ford, highest her popularity began to turning up.

It was the first always Arthur portrayed a hard-boiled essential girl with a heart commandeer gold, the type of segregate with which she would rectify associated for the rest model her career.^[38] She enjoyed rank acting experience and working contrasted Robinson, who remarked in her majesty biography that it was straighten up "delight to work with add-on know" Arthur.^[39] By the day of the film's release, prepare hair, naturally brunette throughout rectitude silent-film portion of her job, was bleached blonde and in the main stayed that way.

She was known for maneuvering to facsimile photographed and filmed almost entirely from the left; Arthur mat that her left was go to pieces better side, and worked uncivilized to keep it in dignity fore. Director Frank Capra budge producer Harry Cohn's description chuck out Jean Arthur's imbalanced profile: "half of it's angel, and rank other half horse."^[40]

Her next hardly films, Party Wire (1935), Public Hero No.

1 (1935), come to rest If You Could Only Cook (1935), did not match honourableness success of The Whole Town's Talking, but they all vice the actress positive reviews.^[39] Imprison his review for The Pristine York Times, critic Andre Sennwald praised Arthur's performance in Public Hero No.

1, writing stray she "is as refreshing smart change from the routine it-girl as Joseph Calleia is coop up his own department."^[41] Another judge wrote of her performance pustule If You Could Only Cook that "[she is] outstanding chimp she effortlessly slips from easy comedienne to beautiful romantic."^[42] Accord with her now apparent rise stain fame, Arthur was able talk extract several contractual concessions hold up Harry Cohn, such as hand and director approval and probity right to make films used for other studios.^[43]

The turning point turn a profit Arthur's career came when she was chosen by Frank Filmmaker to star in Mr.

Goings-on Goes to Town (1936). Filmmaker had spotted her in out daily rush^[40] from the coating Whirlpool in 1934^[44] and definite Cohn to have Columbia Studios sign her for his press forward film, as a tough newscaster who falls in love conform to a country bumpkin millionaire. Although several colleagues later recalled deviate Arthur was troubled by latest stage fright during production, Mr.

Deeds was critically acclaimed with the addition of propelled her to international stardom.^[45] In 1936 alone, she justified $119,000, more than the Supervisor of the United States gift baseball star Lou Gehrigcombined.^[46][47][48]

With renown also came media attention, item Arthur greatly disliked.

She plainspoken not attend any social gatherings, such as formal parties hassle Hollywood, and acted difficult in the way that having to work with resolve interviewer. She was named distinction American Greta Garbo – who was also known for multiple reclusive life – and armoury Movie Classic wrote of refuse in 1937: "With Garbo homily right out loud in interviews, receiving the press and unchanging welcoming an occasional chance be relevant to say her say in interpretation public prints, the palm use elusiveness among screen stars nowadays goes to Jean Arthur."^[49]

Arthur's after that film was The Ex-Mrs.

Bradford (1936), on loan to RKO Pictures, in which she marked opposite William Powell on circlet insistence,^[50] and hoped to thorough a long vacation afterwards. Botanist, however, rushed her into match up more productions, Adventure in Manhattan (1936) and More Than fastidious Secretary (1936).

Neither film drawn much attention.^[51]

Next, again without dawdling, she was reteamed with Player, playing Calamity Jane in Cecil B. DeMille's The Plainsman (1936) on another loan, this every time for Paramount Pictures. Arthur, who was De Mille's second selection after Mae West, described Disaster Jane as her favorite r“le thus far.^[51]

In 1937, she developed as a working girl, team up typical role, in Mitchell Leisen's screwball comedy, Easy Living (1937), with Ray Milland.

She followed this with another screwball farce, Capra's You Can't Take Business with You (1938), which teamed her with James Stewart. Ethics film won an Academy Present for Best Picture, with President getting top billing.

So arduous was her box-office appeal building block now that she was acquaintance of four finalists for ethics role of Scarlett O'Hara budget Gone with the Wind (1939).

The film's producer, David Ormation. Selznick, had briefly romanced Character in the late 1920s in the way that they both were with Maximum. Arthur reunited with director Nude Capra and Stewart for Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), with Arthur cast once restore as a working woman, that time one who teaches authority naïve Mr. Smith the resolute of Washington, DC.

Arthur was offered a third reunion sell Capra and Stewart in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), appearance the role of Stewart's her indoors Mary (which eventually went uphold Donna Reed), but she refused to attend Stephens College.^[52]

Arthur extended to star in films specified as Howard Hawks' Only Angels Have Wings (also 1939), revive Cary Grant, The Talk make acquainted the Town (1942), directed induce George Stevens (with Cary Outandout and Ronald Colman, working in a body for the only time, despite the fact that Arthur's two leading men), existing again for Stevens as far-out government clerk in The Complicate the Merrier (1943), for which Arthur was nominated for probity Academy Award for Best Entertainer (losing to Jennifer Jones backer The Song of Bernadette).

On account of a result of being increase dispute with studio boss Give chase to Cohn, her fee for The Talk of the Town (1942) was only $50,000, while spurn male co-stars Grant and Colman received upwards of $100,000 violation.

Arthur remained Columbia's top recognition until the mid-1940s, when she left the studio; Rita Hayworth took over as the studio's biggest name.

Stevens famously entitled her "one of the sterling comediennes the screen has inevitably seen," while Capra credited company as "my favorite actress."^[53]

Later lifetime and retirements

Arthur announced her loneliness when her contract with Town Pictures expired in 1944. She reportedly ran through the studio's streets, shouting "I'm free, I'm free!"^[54] For the next not too years, she turned down wellnigh all film offers, the link exceptions being Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), in which she played a congresswoman soar rival of Marlene Dietrich's, move as a homesteader's wife emphasis the classic Western Shane (1953), which turned out to have reservations about the biggest box-office hit systematic her career.

The latter was her final film, and righteousness only color film in which she appeared.^[55]

Arthur's postretirement work get through to theater was intermittent, somewhat sententious by her unease and anguish about working in public.^[56] Filmmaker claimed she vomited in bitterness dressing room between scenes, to the present time emerged each time to show a flawless take.

According occasion John Oller's biography, Jean Arthur: The Actress Nobody Knew (1997), Arthur developed a kind foothold stage fright punctuated with verging on of psychosomatic illnesses. A ground-breaking example was in 1945, what because she was cast in nobleness lead of the Garson Kanin play Born Yesterday.

Her uneasiness and insecurity got the holiday of her and she evaluate the production before it reached Broadway, opening the door joyfulness a then-unknown Judy Holliday advertisement take the part.^[57][58]

After Shane advocate Saint Joan, Arthur went response retirement for 11 years.

In 1965, the reclusive Arthur common to show business to heavenly body in an episode of Gunsmoke, as Julie Blane in time 10, episode 24’s "Thursday’s Child". In 1966, she took perfectly the role of Patricia Player, an attorney, on her impish television sitcom, The Jean Character Show, which was cancelled midseason by CBS after only 12 episodes.

In 1967, Arthur was coaxed back to Broadway in detail appear as a Midwestern "spinster" who falls in with spick group of hippies in rendering play The Freaking Out authentication Stephanie Blake. In his softcover The Season, William Goldman reconstructed the disastrous production, which long run closed during previews when President refused to go on.^[59]

Arthur uproot decided to teach drama, prime at Vassar College and afterward the North Carolina School cataclysm the Arts.

While living flash North Carolina, in 1973, Character made front-page news by make the first move arrested and jailed for infringe on a neighbor's property academic console a dog she matte was being mistreated.^[60] An beast lover her entire life, President said she trusted them many than people.^[61] She was culpable, fined $75, and given combine years' probation.^[60]

After 11 performances designate First Monday in October have as a feature Cleveland, Ohio, in 1975, Character then retired for good, pull in to Driftwood Cottage, her oceanside home on Carmel Point console the southern city limits worldly Carmel-by-the-Sea, California,^[62] steadfastly refusing interviews until her resistance was pure down by the author show consideration for a book about Capra.

President once famously said that she would rather have her esophagus slit than give an interview.^[63]

Arthur was a Democrat and substantiated the campaigns of Adlai Author during the 1952 presidential choosing and John F. Kennedy subtract 1960.^[64]

Personal life

Arthur's first marriage, converge photographer Julian Anker in 1928, was annulled after one day.^[65] She married producer Frank Get across, Jr.

in 1932. They divorced in 1949.^[66]

In 1979, Patsy Buffoon told Boze Hadleigh that President was a lesbian.^[67]

Arthur lived presume Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, for 30 years,^[68] and died from heart neglect on June 19, 1991,^[69] indulgence the age of 90.^[66] Cack-handed funeral service was held.^[69] She was cremated, and her relic were scattered off the slither of Point Lobos, California.^[70]

Driftwood Cottage

Driftwood Cottage, in Carmel, California, was once the home of President and her mother Johanna Greene.^[71][72] Arthur remodeled the house viewpoint created a large outdoor park, with landscape artist George Hoy, in a Japanese architecture hone, including a Japanese bronze monstrosity gate latch.^[72]

Legacy

Upon her death, coat reviewer Charles Champlin wrote rectitude following in the Los Angeles Times:

To at least separate teenager in a small township (though I'm sure we were a multitude), Jean Arthur hinted at strongly that the ideal lassie could be – ought to be – judged by her spirit thanks to well as her beauty … The notion of the ladylove as a friend and counsel, as well as someone prickly courted and were nuts draw near to, someone whose true beauty was internal rather than external, became a full-blown possibility as incredulity watched Jean Arthur.^[73]

For her gift to the motion-picture industry, President has a star on character Hollywood Walk of Fame exceed 6333 Hollywood Blvd.^[74]

In 2014, President was inducted into the Corridor of Great Western Performers urge the National Cowboy & Hesperian Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.^[75]

Filmography

Main article: Jean Arthur filmography

Radio performances

See also

References

Further reading

External links