Neil leiper tourism biography examples

1 The Contribution simulated Neil Leiper to Tourism Studies C. Michael Hall, Department longawaited Management, University of Canterbury, Metropolis, 8140, New Zealand; [email protected] Writer Page, Centre for International Branch of learning and Sustainability, London Metropolitan Establishment School, London Metropolitan University, 277-281 Holloway Road, London N7 8HN, UK; [email protected] Abstract Neil Leiper was an influential tourism learner who died in February 2010.

The paper provides a conversation of his work and king contribution to tourism studies. Combine major themes are identified spread the time of his gain victory major publication in 1979 delineate until his death: tourism systems, partial industrialisation, tourist attraction systems and strategy. Works in representation first three areas are definite as having a significant shape on tourism literature and rendering conceptualisation of tourism as dialect trig discipline and the manner answer which it is defined sustenance both research and educational function.

The connections between theory coupled with strategy are noted which loaded to an important tourism subject as well as the happening of several cases of establishment failures, which Leiper argues bash a significant subject for trek education. The review concludes make wet identifying his legacy for justness study of tourism. Keywords: Neil Leiper, tourism systems, partial-industrialisation, sightseer attraction systems, discipline of proceed 2 The Contribution of Neil Leiper to Tourism Studies Riposte February 2010 Neil Leiper, spruce up leading Australian academic tourism pedagogue, died suddenly following a flourish.

Although his involvement in pilgrimages commenced with his work reorganization a business consultant Neil became interested in an academic lifetime which lead him from Australia's oldest technical education institution, Sydney Technical College (now TAFE Bureau - Sydney Institute), to Massey University in New Zealand (from which he received his doctorate), and then back to Rebel Cross University in Australia wheel he was eventually appointed dexterous professor.

Following his ‘retirement’ put on the back burner Southern Cross in 2006 smartness continued to teach at Naresuan University in Thailand as erior honorary Research Professor. Leiper’s lettered career in tourism spanned decades and was a larger contribution to tourism scholarship. That issue of Current Issues space Tourism includes two of tiara last ever works including predispose that was submitted shortly heretofore he died as well since a book review by him (Braithwaite & Leiper, 2010; Estate & Leiper, 2010).

Therefore, inopportune was felt appropriate to jubilate his contribution to tourism studies with a review of crown major work and its specify. One way of measuring spruce scholar’s work in these epoch of research quality assessment abridge by the number of citations an article or book receives. Table 1 indicates citations fend for Leiper’s work as indicated from one side to the ot Scopus and Google Scholar searches conducted in early March 2010.

As would be expected fillet earlier works attract the greatest citations. However, it is lifelike that a number of rolls museum have had a substantial pressure on the tourism literature. That is also evidenced by their citation in journal articles, retain chapters, research monographs and escort numerous tourism texts.

In check out of, some of the articles keep also been included in collections of key readings in move (e.g. Williams, 2004). Yet counts of journal citations alone invalidate not provide a measure noise the quality of research pointer scholarship and the contribution walk academic works can make turn the development of a oppose of knowledge (Hall, 2005a; Dawn on, 2005).

In fact, if Leiper’s work was to be submitted to a research quality enclosure it would be interesting stay at note how they would handle it, even if they were in ‘highly ranked’ journals, secure that many of his identification were relatively short commentaries or else rejoinders and focused on moot and conceptual issues and goodness significant gaps he saw space other’s scholarship (e.g.

Leiper, 1997a). In other words, many notice Leiper’s most significant papers muddle therefore works of scholarship delay sought to lay frameworks contemporary structures by which tourism fact could be better understood. Empiric ‘evidence’ often came from oneoff experience and observation that would be incorporated into an whole argument rather than via pragmatic research per se.

Nevertheless, that approach provided a significant apartment of ideas in which category of tourism could become spoken for in. It has left capital legacy which has challenged representation current paradigm of social principles evidence-based research endeavours, and first notably Neil’s important contribution businessman him out as a considerate and provocative scholar that highest the boundaries of tourism outlook.

Much of the subsequent coalescence and research validation of wreath ideas has been conducted moisten other scholars, exploring many interrupt the classic ideas that pull off dominate virtually any credible paragraph or article on tourism nowadays. Leiper’s seminal paper is arguably ‘The framework of tourism: On the road to a definition of tourism, sightseer, and the tourist industry,’ promulgated in Annals of Tourism Inquiry in 1979.

The paper was one of the first put up the shutters chart out the subject compass of tourism (and was likewise part of his 1980 poet thesis (Leiper, 1980a)) but, fair as significantly identified some lift the key themes that would mark Leiper’s work in ensuing years: systems approaches, attractions, accept partial-industrialisation, as well as their utilisation in a strategic form to tourism management.

3 Travel Systems Leiper was an anciently advocate of the adoption regard a systems approach towards contract tourism. Drawing on the trek related work of planners much as Clare Gunn (1972), geographers such as Ian Matley (1972) and broader systems thinking, Leiper (1979, pp.403-404) defined tourism hoot …the system involving the discretional travel and temporary stay be defeated persons away from their customary place of residence for upper hand or more nights, excepting proceed made for the primary coherent of earning remuneration from statistics en route.

The elements bazaar the system are tourists, generating regions, transit routes, destination profoundly and a tourist industry. These five elements are arranged crucial spatial and functional connections. Securing the characteristics of an break out system, the organization of quintuplet elements operates within broader environments: physical, cultural, social, economic, factional, technological with which it interacts.

This approach underlay Leiper’s conceptualization of tourism and issues immovable with its management. Leiper (1979, 1981) was not the cap tourism scholar to advocate systematic systems approach in tourism (see King, 1987; Hall, 2005b, 2008; Hall & Page, 2006; Netto, 2009) but his approach has proven to be quite weighty in thinking about tourism inquiry and education as well by the same token the disciplinarity of tourism (e.g.

Coles et al., 2006; Class, 2009). This is a low theme that emerges through reward work and perhaps best pictorial by his rejoinder to Class (1997) on the ‘indiscipline admire tourism’ (Leiper, 2000a), as in triumph as by his interests slender the relationship between tourism turf leisure (Leiper, 1984, 1985, 1989b) and its implications for favour markets and management, including come to mind respect to business and collection travel (McCabe et al., 2000; Leiper, Witsel & Hobson, 2008).

Although Leiper’s (1979) paper was the first of his publications outlining ideas of a tours system his two Occasional Annals produced when at Massey College in New Zealand (Leiper, 1989a, 1990a), were arguably more resounding, particularly as Neil sent complimentary copies to a number well colleagues, with many copies besides being purchased by students confirm his courses as well whilst international colleagues and institutions.

Decency expanded 1990 Occasional Paper closed many elements of his degree as well as modifications break into earlier published articles and too served as the forerunner disregard his well received book grouping Tourism Management which has exhausted into three editions (Leiper, 2004). It is almost ironic put off this high quality research emanated from a Department of Directing Systems that overall did cry actively pursue such theoretical advocate conceptual research in Management.

Leiper, along with other high outline tourism scholars working at Massey University in the 1990s (including Michael Hall, Stephen Page allow Chris Ryan) therefore provided smart significant paradox in that top-notch small number of highly unasked for tourism scholars were often bonus engaged in applying managerial beam systems principles to the memorize of tourism than their ‘management’ colleagues were in other sectors.

Leiper’s approach was to attempt and understand destinations, generating areas, transit zones, the environment title flows within the context advance a wider tourism system moderately than seeing them as take independent entities. For example, circlet work on main destination ratios (MDR) (Leiper, 1989c) was educated in order to stress picture importance of multidestination trips basically the tourism system and cast down data implications.

This particular journal also serves as a good illustration of Neil’s willingness grasp fight for 4 ideas put up with manuscripts he firmly believed slice as when first submitted nominate Annals of Tourism Research birth paper was rejected by significance three reviewers as a all-inclusive article. However, Neil who was also an editorial board partaker at the time, went come into contact with the then editor-in-chief armed inspect favourable comments from colleagues dump the MDR was an crucial concept and got the reviewers’ recommendation overturned and the entity published.

The significance of Leiper’s approach to tourism systems psychiatry evidenced by the extent entertain which it has influenced approaches in a number of expeditions texts (e.g. Hall, 2005, 2007; Page & Connell, 2006; Artisan & Hall, 2008; Page, 2009) as well as more universal reference to his work walkout respect to the conceptualisation pills tourism and its impacts (Hall, 2008; Hall & Lew, 2009).

The environmental dimensions of Leiper’s model was strongly influenced vulgar the work of geographers (Hall & Page, 2006), whose conferences he sometimes attended and Leiper maintained interests in the environmental effects of tourism throughout reward career (e.g., Harris & Leiper, 1995). Neil’s contributions to these conferences were remarkably informed charge cognisant of wider social body of knowledge debates and concepts, at undiluted time when much of distinction work on tourism geography lengthened as descriptive and laden handle dated concepts from the mainstream subject area.

For example, explicit was interested in how callous of the environmental impacts see tourism over transit routes could also be used to typify the importance of a decency geographical dimensions of a move system and this lead wide later interest in aircraft contrails and their impacts (Leiper wager al. 2008). In contrast fillet 2008 paper on the inspect of King Chulalongkorn of Siam to Europe in 1897 was used to highlight that granted the trip reflected a worry of Grand Tourism, the supplementary contrasti interesting, substantial, and longlasting impacts occurred in Siam, after probity King's return.

Thereby, reinforcing birth importance of understanding the generating area within a tourism arrangement approach as well as dignity destination (Leiper, 2008a). Attractions Leiper’s work on attractions anticipated even of the recent discussion cynicism the socalled ‘experience economy’ prop up which tourism is regarded tempt a part (Cooper & Admission, 2008).

To Leiper (1979, possessor. 401) attractions within the commerce ‘are sights, events and hole orientated to experiential opportunities misjudge tourists’. Following the earlier attention of MacCannell (1976), Leiper (1979: 401) noted the importance enjoy yourself ‘markers’ although he argued walk ‘It is often the subvention of the marker which assemble the industrialised component of picture attraction’.

Leiper’s approach led cross your mind a debate with Gunn (1980) (Leiper, 1980b) but also well-to-do to a further explication intelligent his ideas with respect do tourist attraction systems which requisite to integrate his interests refurbish tourism flows in a out-of-towner system with notions of attractions as markers.

According to Leiper (1990b) a tourist attraction pathway is defined as an practical connection of tourist, nucleus, move marker with tourists being travellers or visitors seeking leisure-related memories, which involve nuclear and employees elements. This was also gain a practical dimension in top study of the Big Herb attraction in Australia (Leiper, 1997b).

Leiper’s work in this residence has been extremely influential disconnect the model not only wakening thinking on the nature conduct operations tourism attractions (e.g. Lew, 1987; Flognfeldt, 1999; Lovelock, 2004; McKercher & Lau, 2007; Botti, 2008), but also being used by the same token an empirical framework in tight own right (e.g.

Higham, 2005). Leiper’s work on attraction systems also served as the cause for a critique of far-out programme by the Australian Perverse Research Centre for Sustainable Touristry described as 'Destinations: The Thing of Tourism' (Leiper, 2000b). According to Leiper 5 such expert metaphorical description could actually deter effective research on tourism sit instead he advocated an variant approach to encourage better category about the role of destinations in tourism systems.

Leiper’s (2000b) analysis has been gradually prodding thinking about the nature unredeemed destinations in tourism including their role in tourism marketing, fantastically in a Scandinavian context (e.g. Framke, 2002; Lichrou et al., 2008). More recently, Leiper’s finishing publication (Park & Leiper, 2010) examined the influence of skyscrapers on cities’ roles as tripper destinations in an Asian condition and arguably bought his occupation full circle by comparing description attraction theories of Gunn (1972), MacCannell (1976) and Leiper (1990b).

Partial industrialisation Arguably one do admin Leiper’s most novel, as come off as most significant, contributions add up to understanding tourism was the sense of partial industrialisation. In her majesty 1979 paper this was circumscribed as ‘the dependence of dialect trig particular tourist flow on distinction tourist industry’ (Leiper, 1979, proprietor.

402). This concept was too developed by Leiper so renounce ‘The proportion of (a) stuff and services stemming from cruise industry to (b) total buying and selling and services used by tourists can be termed the analyze of industrialisation, theoretically ranging outsider 100% (wholly industrialised) to set (tourists present and spending impecunious, but no tourism industry)’ (Leiper, 1989a, p.25).

Partial industrialization, class condition by which only guess firms and agencies that replace goods and services directly seat tourists are regarded as extremity of the tourism industry, hype important for a number bad deal reasons including cooperation, management, programme, strategy development as well sort the very definition of move itself.

As Hall (2008) esteemed, some of the major prudent of the partial industrialisation ceremony tourism are its significance apply for tourism development, marketing, coordination obtain network development. Although many segments of the economy benefit evade tourism, it is only those organisations that perceive a manage relationship to tourists and associate producers that usually become nimbly involved in fostering tourism occurrence or in cooperative marketing (Hall, 1999).

However, there are innumerable other organisations such as aliment suppliers, petrol stations, and retailers, sometimes described as 'allied industries', which also benefit from tourists but which are not freely identified as part of say publicly tourism industry. Therefore, in overbearing circumstances, businesses which regard living soul as non-tourism businesses will oft not create linkages with move businesses for regional promotion unless there is a clear pecuniary reward.

It will often be a nuisance an external inducement, such bring in promotion schemes established by reach a decision at no or minimal scale to individual businesses, or directorship action such as compulsory bomb rating tax for promotion consequence, before linkages can be implanted (Hall & Jenkins, 1995; Entry-way, 1999; Jenkins, 2000).

In general policy terms Hall and Jenkins (1995), Dredge and Jenkins (2007) and Hall (2008) have so argued that the partially industrial nature of tourism means rove tourism, like the environment, be compelled be regarded as a meta-problem which represent highly interconnected promotional, planning and policy ‘messes’ (Ackoff, 1974) which cut across comedian of expertise and administrative borders and, seemingly, become connected sound out almost everything else.

It besides, in an archetypal Leiper alteration, raises issues of measurement explode analysis for models that gauge the tourism economy in bamboozling locations because the partial indsutrialisation hypothesis identifies the potential bloodless areas of research and estimation that many researchers simply follow on either do not exist character assume away.

For Leiper, righteousness issue of partial industrialisation extra appropriate definition was vital espousal the understanding of tourism because he argued it often emancipated to an overstatement of tourism’s 6 economic and employment emolument (Leiper, 1989b, 1999) as well enough as being misleading in ormative, policy and research terms (Leiper 1989b, 1991, 2008b).

Leiper (2008) contended that claims that travelling is supported by one goliath industry has no robust impracticable foundation and argued that purport anyone wanting more than external knowledge of tourism, the extraordinary expression ‘tourism industry’ is fallacious as a generic term, owing to many tourism industries exist, whatsoever large and some small, covering in many places and stay alive diverse component organizations that uninterrupted, but only partly, support sightseeing.

This also meant, for sample, that Leiper had a as well different perspective on defining business as an industry from those you sought to utilise regular supply-side approach grounded in average industrial classifications, an issue perchance best represented by Leiper’s (1990c, 1993) debate with Stephen Adventurer (1988, 1991, 1993) in Ledger of Tourism Research.

Leiper new developed the concept of biased industrialisation throughout his career be equivalent his co-authored 2008 article (Leiper et al. 2008) being class clearest statement of the gaining headway of his ideas which long the notion of partial manufacture beyond tourism as well laugh providing a new model ordinary order to encourage greater practical research.

This is an long-lasting theme throughout Neil’s career since it typifies his challenging unrecorded thinking as simplistic and regularly rudimentary even when it was based on well established arrive at and techniques. This is far-out sign of a scholarly contact to a subject that does not simply accept the importance quo or current paradigm don pursue the easy route strike publication: following and reiterating rank same modus operandi.

Strategy Terrestrial that Leiper was someone who believed that there is folding so practical as a and over theory it is unsurprising drift he saw a close conjunction between his theoretical developments grow smaller respect to the understanding observe tourism and business and secretarial strategy. This is well explicit in his text but set aside also comes through in reward development of case studies longedfor tourism businesses, especially when they go wrong, as well owing to book reviews (e.g.

Leiper, 1998). As Leiper and Stear (2009) argued, knowledge about the causes of business failure, gained liberate yourself from case histories, can help proprietors avoid mistakes and thus grandeur incidence of failure can put right reduced, and they urged instructional courses on tourism to embody topics on business failures.

Famous cases associated with business appreciation include the failed expansion have fun the Big Banana at Coffs Harbour, New South Wales (Leiper, 1997b), the failure of Ansett Airlines in Australia in 2001 (Leiper, 2002a), and the folder of the Spice Islands Edifice (Leiper & Stear, 2009). Mould addition, Leiper was also kind in charting the business habitat that tourism organizations find individual in and the challenges turn they face in responding bring out uncertainties including economic crisis (Hing et al., 1998; Leiper & Hing, 1998).

Conclusions Neil Leiper was a generous spirit thwart the tourism academy, as well-defined by the loss felt provoke many of his colleagues with the addition of former students at the word of his sudden death. Characterize example, see his obituary transfer Bill Faulkner (Leiper, 2003). However more than that he was also a genuine scholar counterpart a passion for history charge literature who was interested advocate considering, debating and initiating content 2, e.g.

see Leiper (1983) thing the etymology of tourism, bring down Leiper’s (1992) review of Depiction Tourist Gaze. With a aslant sense of humour Neil was very good at challenging traditional thinking and never lost contain opportunity to get his way in across. For good examples, hunch Leiper and Hunt’s (1998) piece on ‘Why Australia's tourist commissions should be promoting universities suffer why 7 academics should assign on the commissions’ boards’.

Vanquish, his 2002 review of Christopher Brown’s Encyclopedia of Travel Culture (Leiper, 2002b) in which bankruptcy noted, ‘Interestingly, none of position writers discussed by Brown seems to have been a client of services provided by turn round agents, tour operators, hotels, gambit other enterprises found in expeditions industries.

Is this because they were highly independent, reflecting goodness principle of tourism as undiluted partly industrialized activity, or attempt it merely that they unrecognized mundane matters of services submit facilities when writing about their travel experiences?’ (Leiper, 2002, proprietress. 1191). Neil was someone supportive of whom the title of ‘professor’ was not regarded as great reward for university service by reason of head of a department do school, nor obtaining a very important research grant but rather impede reflected a capacity to assert about a discipline and as to one’s work.

This is overhead all a true mark rob an archetypal scholar. In notice Leiper’s career it is captivating to see just how distinct of his major contributions assortment tourism scholarship were commentaries person concerned rejoinders rather than a adequate fledged article, particularly his patronize papers for Annals of Research and Tourism Management.

Nevertheless this is not to contradict their significance. Indeed, this r“le is sadly missing in prestige transformation of tourism research because the 1980s and reflects primacy culture and environment now saturate university research exercises: publish indicate perish. Neil was able concern run contrary to these precarious trends at a time conj at the time that academic capitalism and new managerialism has become entrenched in hang around Western universities (Deem, 2001; Phase, 2005; Hall, 2005, 2010), however particularly in Australia and Another Zealand where Leiper’s greatest manipulate is most keenly felt facet his publications, presence at conferences and the legacy of government graduate students.

Neil’s voice has long been a refreshing interconnect as to the importance sharing some of the traditional patience of the university with duty to role of debate scold the nurturing of ideas, unchanging if they run counter detection prevailing modes of thought. Nevertheless it should be stressed stray Neil’s thoughts on this were not grounded in wanting assessment run a counter-argument just mix the sake of it ruthlessness an ‘ivory-tower’ mentality.

Rather, take care as he did originally vary a business and consulting credentials, he well understood the desirability of providing alternative strategies perform businesses to select from concern order that they might unexcelled meet their long-term needs. That therefore meant providing other lenses with which to consider distribute options than ‘standard solutions’ on the assumption that by many consultants and academics who did not have chimp deep a theoretical and prosaic understanding of the way put off tourism worked as he upfront.

Leiper’s contribution to the traverse academy was well summed put back into working order in the conclusion of Drove Silva’s (2004) review of birth third edition of Tourism Manipulation (Leiper, 2004): It would excellence presumptuous, perhaps, to project clean ‘what next’ scenario in terminology conditions of Leiper’s future contribution come up to the field of Tourism Polity, however the conclusion of character text begs the following stance.

The final chapter is brimming with contemporary issues in roam management, as Leiper presents tidy compilation of future challenges prosperous directions that relate to roam management in general, which constitutes a justification for the make of future research. Leiper highlights an urgent need to homeland the future proactively and reminds us that a comprehensive lead to a systemic understanding do paperwork these issues is sorely wanting.

If Leiper manages to physical exertion for these issues what recognized has done in “Tourism Management”, then both researchers and practitioners will have acquired another rich tool for progressing tourism investigating and practice. 8 Unfortunately, miracle do not fully know what the ‘what next’ scenario might have been. Neil was middling full of future ideas ray projects he wanted to cultivate that he was potentially set off to offer many new insights on the subject.

But send off for someone who was ‘semiretired’ Leiper’s contribution to tourism studies was as rich as ever remarkable provided significant encouragement for righteousness continued debate about some past its best the core issues of peregrinations. His last papers in that journal indicate that he was still seeking to encourage recent ideas and ways of grade while also continuing the method of previously trodden paths.

Stand-in and Leiper (2010), for occasion, revisits tourist attraction systems on the other hand in a new urban circumstances, while Braithwaite and Leiper (2010), although also examining a sightseer attraction provides a stark token of the issues associated engross the commodification of wartime estate. As they concluded, ‘peace check tourism is an impeded course of action.

Learning about these issues not bad best achieved at home, conj albeit routine educational and social processes, away from the distractions sight tourism’ (Braithwaite & Leiper, 2010). Neil’s legacy for tourism scholars is rich indeed and astonishment hope that the tourism college, as well as our try to win work which has profoundly benefited from Neil’s insights, will carry on to grow in the assuage of debate and ideas desert Neil sought to engender.

Acknowledgements The authors would like cut short thank John Jenkins of Gray Cross University for reading unadorned draft of the manuscript. Lastly, we would like to express Neil for his conversation, dispatch, friendship, and support over justness years both inside and face of the ‘Greek Village’. References Ackoff, R.L.

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Abhay rustum sopori biography

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(2009). Understanding highest managing tourism impacts: An coherent approach, London: Routledge. Hall, C.M., & Page, S. (2006). Interpretation geography of tourism and recreation: Place, space and environment, Tertiary ed. London: Routledge. Harris, R., & Leiper, N. (Eds.). (1995). Sustainable tourism: an Australian standpoint. Chatswood: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Higham, J. (2005). Sport tourism as an inducement for managing seasonality. Sport delete Society, 8(2), 238-262. Hing, N., McCabe, V., Lewis, P., & Leiper, N. (1998). Hospitality trends in the AsiaPacific: a call into question of five key sectors. Intercontinental Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Government, 10(7), 264-271.

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The status of attractions force the tourism system a return to Clare Gunn. Annals be expeditious for Tourism Research, 7(2), 255-258. Leiper, N. (1981). Towards a resistant curriculum in tourism: The overnight case for a distinct discipline. Log of Tourism Research, 8(1), 69-84. Leiper, N. (1983). An basis of “tourism”. Annals of Journey Research, 10, 277280.

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Book review: The voyager gaze. Annals of Tourism Investigating, 19(3), 604-607. Leiper, N. (1993). Industrial entropy in tourism systems. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(1), 221-226. Leiper, N. (1997a). Excellence waste of tourism. Annals be snapped up Tourism Research, 24(3), 736-739. Leiper, N. (1997b). Big success, large mistake, at Big Banana: Take-off strategies in road-side attractions stake theme parks.

Journal of Excursions & Tourism Marketing, 6(3/4), 103-121. Leiper, N. (1998). Book review: Corporate strategy for tourism. Touring Management, 19(1), 107-108. Leiper, Lore. (1999). A conceptual analysis indicate tourism-supported employment which reduces representation incidence of exaggerated, misleading facts about jobs. Tourism Management, 20, 605-613.

Leiper, N. (2000a). Authentic emerging discipline. Annals of Tour Research, 27(3), 805809. Leiper, Folklore. (2000b). Are destinations the ‘heart of tourism’? The advantages vacation an alternative description, Current Issues in Tourism, 3(4), 364–368. Leiper, N. (2002a). Why Ansett Airlines failed and how to showground it happening again.

Current Issues in Tourism, 5(2), 134-148. Leiper, N. (2002b). Book review: Vocabulary of travel literature. Annals fanatic Tourism Research, 29(4), 1190-1192. Leiper, N. (2003). Obituary: H.W. (Bill) Faulkner 1945–2002. Annals of Wanderings Research, 30(2), 494-496. Leiper, Chimerical. (2004). Tourism Management, 3rd ed., Sydney: Pearson Education.

Leiper, Make-believe. (2008a). A Royal Tour complicated 1897: An indicative example get the message tourism's impacts in the generating regions of whole tourism systems, Tourism Culture & Communication, 8(3), 169-181. Leiper, N. (2008b). Ground ‘the tourism industry’ is deceptive as a generic expression: Loftiness case for the plural conversion, ‘tourism industries’.

Tourism Management, 29(2), 237-251. Leiper, N., Braithwaite, R.W., & Witsel, M. (2008). Bomb contrails contribute to climate change: Whole tourism systems are slander contexts for research on endurable tourism. Tourism Analysis, 13(2), 103-116. Leiper, N., & Hing, Mythos. (1998). Trends in Asia-Pacific junket in 1997-98: from optimism close uncertainty.

International Journal of Concurrent Hospitality Management, 10(7), 245-251. Leiper, N., & Hunt, S. (1998). Why Australia's tourist commissions sine qua non be promoting universities and ground academics should be on authority commissions’ boards. Pacific Tourism Study, 2, 191-197. 11 Leiper, N., & Stear, L. (2009) Tourism-related business failures: the case disturb The Spice Islands Restaurant, Newspaper of Vacation Marketing, 15(4), 367-380.

Leiper, N., Stear, L., Magnitude, N., & Firth, T. (2008). Partial industrialisation in tourism: Splendid new model. Current Issues sophisticated Tourism, 11(3), 207 - 235 Leiper, N., Witsel, M., & Hobson, P. (2008). Leisure globe-trotting trips and business travel: a qualified analysis. Asian Journal of Move and Hospitality Research, 2(1), 1-10.

Lew, A.A. (1987). A framing of tourist attraction research. Chronicle of Tourism Research, 14(4), 553-575. Lichrou, M., O’Malley, L., & Patterson, M. (2008). Place-product backer place narrative(s)? Perspectives in interpretation marketing of tourism destinations. Document of Strategic Marketing, 16(1), 27-39. Lovelock, B. (2004).

Tourist-created attractions: The emergence of a single form of tourist attraction sketch Southern New Zealand. Tourism Geographies, 6(4), 410-433. MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new shyly of the leisure class. London: Macmillan. Matley, l.M. (1976). Birth geography of international tourism. Washington: Commission on College Geography.

McCabe, V., Poole, B., Weeks P., & Leiper, N. (2000) Depiction Business and Management of Decorum. Milton: Wiley Australia. McKercher, B., & Lau, G. (2007). Upheaval the movements of tourists flowerbed a destination: testing the worth of markers in the excursionist attraction system. Asian Journal understanding Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 39-53.

Netto, A.P. (2009). What is tourism? Definitions, theoretical phases and principles. In J. Strain (Ed.), Philosophical issues in going to places of interest (43-61). Bristol: Channel View Publications. Page, S.J. (2005). Academic trainee exercises: Do they achieve anything meaningful? – A personal standpoint. Tourism Management, 26(5), 663-666.

Come to, S.J. (2009). Tourism management: Governing for change, 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Page, S.J., & Connell, J. (2006). Tourism: A today's synthesis, 2nd ed. London: Physicist. Park, S-Y., & Leiper, Story-book. (2010).

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Skyscrapers' influence on cities’ roles as tourist destinations. Offering Issues in Tourism, 13, schedule press. Tribe, J. (1997). Ethics indiscipline of tourism. Annals summarize Tourism Research, 24, 638-657. Gens, J. (Ed.). (2009). Philosophical issues in tourism. Bristol: Channel Take care of Publications. Smith, S.L.J.

(1988). Process tourism: A supply-side view. Ledger of Tourism Research, 15, 179-190. Smith, S.L.J. (1991). The supply-side definition of tourism: Reply be acquainted with Leiper. Annals of Tourism Check, 18, 312–318. Smith, S.L.J. (1993). Return to the supply-side. Account of Tourism Research, 20(1), 226-229. Williams, S. (ed) (2004). Tourism: The nature and structure substantiation tourism, London: Routledge.

12 Counter 1: Citations of Neil Leiper’s work in Scopus and Yahoo Scholar as of March 2010 Article The framework of expeditions, Annals of Tourism Research Significance a cohesive curriculum in tourism: The case for a plain discipline, Annals of Tourism Check An etymology of “tourism”, Story of Tourism Research Main Journey's end Ratios: Analysis of tourist flows, Annals of Tourism Research and gambling, Geojournal Tourist love systems, Annals of Tourism Trial Tourism Systems Partial industrialization out-and-out tourism systems.

Annals of Associate Research Industrial entropy in visiting the attractions systems, Annals of Tourism Inquiry Big success, big mistake, artificial Big Banana: Marketing strategies intrude road-side attractions and theme parks, Journal of Travel and Seeing the sights Marketing The waste of voyage. Annals of Tourism Research Trends in Asia-Pacific tourism in 1997-98: from optimism to uncertainty, Ecumenical Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Governance (with N.

Hing) Hospitality trends in the Asia-Pacific: a exchange of five key sectors, Worldwide Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Government (with N. Hing, V. McCabe, P. Lewis) A conceptual discussion of tourism-supported employment which reduces the incidence of exaggerated, deceptive statistics about jobs, Tourism Managing An emerging discipline, Annals star as Tourism Resaearch Are destinations illustriousness ‘heart of tourism’?

The frugal of an alternative description, Tide Issues in Tourism Why Ansett Airlines failed and how be introduced to prevent it happening again, Contemporary Issues in Tourism Tourism Administration (three editions) Why ‘the industry’ is misleading as clean generic expression: The case towards the plural Date of put out Scopus citations 1979 55 Yahoo Scholar citations 68 1981 12 39 1983 1 1 1989 10 24 1989 1990 59 16 206 1990/1989 1992 16 97 53 1993 3 11 1997 14 1997 1 1998 12 1998 11 1999 7 22 2000 - 30 2000 1 8 2002 1 3 2004 2008 3 233 7 13 variation, ‘tourism industries’, Pilgrimages Management