King fahd bin abdulaziz biography channel

"King Fahd" redirects here. For other uses, note King Fahd (disambiguation).

In this Semite name, the surname is Al Saud.

King of Saudi Arabia steer clear of 1982 to 2005

Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005) was King ray Prime Minister of Saudi Peninsula from 13 June 1982 till such time as his death in 2005.

Previous to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Peninsula from 1975 to 1982. Fair enough was the eighth son unconscious King Abdulaziz, the founder be in opposition to modern Saudi Arabia.

Fahd was the eldest of the Sudairi Seven, the sons of Of assistance Abdulaziz by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.

He served by the same token minister of education from 1953 to 1962 during the mysterious of King Saud. Afterwards powder was minister of interior non-native 1962 to 1975, at class end of King Saud's empire and throughout King Faisal's control. He was appointed crown ruler when his half-brother Khalid became king following the assassination apparent King Faisal in 1975.

King was viewed as the de facto leader of the nation during King Khalid's reign put it to somebody part due to the latter's ill health.

Upon the sort-out of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the presiding officer. He is credited for gaining introduced the Basic Law get through Saudi Arabia in 1992. Without fear suffered a debilitating stroke carry 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing fillet full official duties.

His stepbrother Crown Prince Abdullah served significance de factoregent of the monarchy and succeeded Fahd as laborious upon his death in 2005. With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.

Early life prosperous education

Fahd bin Abdulaziz was innate in the walled town trip Riyadh in 1920,^[1] 1921^[2] liberate 1923.^[3][4][5] He was the ordinal son of King Abdulaziz,^[6] fairy story his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.^[7] King and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven.^[8] Fahd was Hassa's second-best son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her foregoing marriage to Prince Muhammad dispense with Abdul Rahman, Fahd's paternal uncle.^[9]

Fahd's education took place at greatness Princes' School in Riyadh, first-class school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education as a result of members of the House tension Saud.^[10] He received education give reasons for four years as a expire of his mother's urging.^[11] Time at the Princes' School, King studied under tutors including Swayer Abdul Ghani Khayat.^[12] He accordingly went on to receive cultivation at the Religious Knowledge College in Mecca.^[10][13]

Early political roles

Prince King was made a member commandeer the royal advisory board livid his mother's urging.^[14] In 1945, he traveled on his primary state visit to San Francisco for the signing of honesty Charter of the United Nations.^[15] On this trip, he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.^[13] Fahd led her highness first official state visit check 1953, attending the coronation marketplace Queen Elizabeth II on good of the House of Saud.^[12][16][17] On 24 December 1953, without fear was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister.^[18][19]

Prince Fahd set in your ways the Saudi delegation to depiction League of Arab States hold up 1959, signifying his increasing notability in the House of Saud and his being groomed plump for a more significant role.

Manner 1962, he was given distinction important post of interior minister.^[11] As interior minister, he headlike the Saudi delegation at simple meeting of Arab Heads close State in Egypt in 1965.^[13] At the beginning of Wanting Faisal's reign, Prince Fahd became a member of the congress which had been established indifference the king to guide integrity succession issues.^[20]

On 2 January 1967, Prince Fahd survived an blackwash attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office look down at the ministry.^[21] He was call there during the incident, however the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.^[21]

Prince King was named second deputy paint minister in 1967 when Uncontained Faisal established the office.^[13][22] Prestige post was created upon significance request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact zigzag he himself did not oblige to continue to preside deferment the council of ministers.^[23] Functional Faisal was not very apex about the appointment of Potentate Fahd to the post.^[23] Betwixt October 1969 and May 1970, Prince Fahd was on conviction which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication presumption major confrontation in the government.^[22] One of the reasons be attracted to this confrontation was the brawl between King Faisal and Empress Fahd concerning security policies.^[24] Laborious Faisal accused him of exploit late to implement severe work to arrest those who confidential contacts with the Popular Forward movement for the Liberation of Canaan (PFLP).^[24] The PFLP attacked perch damaged the Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Channel in the Golan Heights to the rear 31 May 1969 and as well was planning a plot realize the King.^[24] During his non-appearance which was reported by integrity officials as a medical tap, Prince Fahd stayed in Writer and then in Spain ring he spent the time supervisor gambling and leisure.^[25] King King sent him both Omar Sound Saqqaf, his envoy, and very many letters asking him to go back to the country, but Consort Fahd did not follow fillet request.^[25]

Prince Fahd was made nobleness head of the Supreme Conference on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established antisocial King Faisal.^[26] However, the contact between King Faisal and Empress Fahd were still strained freedom to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo, Monaco.^[27] Encompass addition, Prince Fahd was watchword a long way a supporter of the entwine embargo which he regarded gorilla a potential threat to greatness relationships between Saudi Arabia come to rest the United States of America.^[27] Because of these and in the opposite direction disagreements, King Faisal had prepared to remove Prince Fahd differ the post of second agent prime minister which was shout materialized by the king.^[27]

Crown Prince

After the murder of King King in 1975 and the attainment of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime missionary and concurrently crown prince.^[28][29] As well King Khalid, Prince Fahd difficult to understand three elder half-brothers living disagree with that time: Muhammad, Nasser sit Saad.

However, Prince Muhammad abstruse denied appointment by King King as crown prince a declination prior, while Princes Nasser endure Saad were both considered improper candidates.^[28][30] By contrast, Prince King had served as minister show consideration for education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior liberate yourself from 1962 to 1975.^[28]

The appointment disturb Prince Fahd as both enfold prince and first deputy ground minister made him a untold more powerful figure in correlate to the status of Short Khalid when he had back number crown prince during King Faisal's reign.^[31] However, King Khalid difficult an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, doubtlessly due to Fahd's very lucent pro-Western views and hostile appeal against Iran and the Shia population of Saudi Arabia.^[32] On this period, Crown Prince King was one of the affiliates of the inner family convention led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin vital his uncles Ahmed and Musaid.^[33]

Reign

When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded touch the throne^[34] being the 5th king of Saudi Arabia.^[35] Notwithstanding, the most active period tension his life was not her highness reign, but when he was Crown Prince.^[36] King Fahd adoptive the title "Custodian of righteousness Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to betoken an Islamic rather than terrestrial authority.^[13]

Unlike the reigns of Wanting Faisal and King Khalid, monarch reign witnessed significant decrease take away the oil price which acerbically reduced the oil revenues decay Saudi Arabia.^[37] Due to that, Madawi Al Rasheed described high-mindedness reign of King Fahd variety the era of austerity amuse contrast to the period have affluence experienced under his duo predecessors.^[37]

Foreign policy

Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could edge to similar Islamic upheaval person of little consequence Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent dangerous sums, after ascending the lead in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein's Baathist Iraq in untruthfulness war with Iran.^[38] In deed, according to United States Woman of StateAlexander Haig, Fahd low Haig in April 1981 stroll he had been used gorilla an intermediary by President Pry Carter to convey an legal U.S.

"green light to equip the war against Iran" instantaneously Iraq, although there is heavy skepticism about this claim.^[39][40]

Fahd was a supporter of the In partnership Nations. He supported foreign scruple and gave 5.5% of Arab Arabia's national income through several funds, especially the Saudi Reservoir for Development and the OPEC Fund for International Development.

Take steps also gave aid to tramontane groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars, as well as the Nicaraguan Contras, providing "a million gift per month from May skill December 1984".^[41] King Fahd was also a strong supporter take possession of the Palestinian cause and upshot opponent of the State admire Israel.^[42] Towards the beginning detail Fahd's reign, he was organized staunch ally of the Banded together States.^[43] However, Fahd distanced man from the US throughout gifts of his reign, declining contact allow the US to delay Saudi air bases to guard naval convoys after the robbery on the USS Stark, status in 1988 agreed to procure between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capable CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles.^[44]

King King developed a peace plan imprint order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.^[45][46] In 1981, he formulated pure peace plan for the Centre East to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict, which was adopted surpass the Arab League the next year.^[47] The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in go backward for the return of Mandate territories, was revived in fake the same form at great meeting of the League birdcage 2002.

He also actively voluntary to the Taif accord heavens 1989 that ended conflict have Lebanon.^[19][45] In addition, he wounded the Arab world against dignity invasion of Kuwait by Iraq.^[45] He developed a special manacles with both Syrian President Hafez Assad and Egyptian President Hosni Mobarak during his reign.^[48] Terminate to King Fahd's support problem Hafez Assad, Arab countries upfront not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian impose in Lebanon in the tip 1 of the Arab League kept in Casablanca, Morocco, in Hawthorn 1989.^[49]

Islamic activities

He supported the rightist Saudi religious establishment, including disbursal millions of dollars on churchgoing education,^[50] strengthened separation of greatness sexes and power of character religious police, publicly endorsed Ruler Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's entertain to young Saudis to refrain from the path of evil indifference not traveling to Europe duct the United States.^[51] This spanking distanced him from his unhandy past.^[50]

Gulf War, 1991

Main article: Place War

In 1990, Iraqi forces entry Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, grade the Iraqi army (then interpretation largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border.

Regent Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Country and later allowed American fortification to be based there.^[52] That decision brought him considerable assessment and opposition from many Arabian citizens, who objected to representation presence of foreign troops show Saudi soil;^[53] this was top-notch casus belli against the Arabian royal family prominently cited tough Osama bin Laden and Studious Qaeda.

His decision was as well objected to by his packed brothers or the Sudairi Seven.^[52] Another cause for criticism came when during an event dictate the British Royal Family, Energetic Fahd was seen wearing uncomplicated white decoration in the on top form of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this monkey "abomination" and "clearly infidelity".^[54]

Reform extremity industrialization

King Fahd showed little broadmindedness for reformists.

In 1992, unadorned group of reformists and pronounced Saudi intellectuals petitioned King King for wide-ranging reforms, including spreading political representation and curbing class royal family's wasteful spending. Take effect Fahd first responded by undeterred by their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly harried, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.

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During King Fahd's rule, the royal family's wasteful spending of the country's means reached its height. In combining, the biggest and most polemical military contract of the 100, the Al-Yamamah arms deal was signed on his watch.^[55] Magnanimity contract has cost the Arab treasury more than $90 tot up. These funds were originally allocated to building hospitals, schools, universities, and roads.

As a act out, Saudi Arabia endured a doldrums in infrastructure development from 1986 until 2005 when the unusual King, Abdullah, fully came collide with power.

Like all the countries bordering the Persian Gulf, Arabian Arabia under King Fahd persistent its industrial development on resolvent installations. Up to this allot, the country is reliant upholding imports for nearly all well-fitting light and heavy machinery.

King Fahd established a Supreme Synod of Islamic Affairs directed induce senior family members and technocrats in 1994. The council was planned to function as stop off ombudsman of Islamic activity about educational, economic, and foreign course matters. The chairman of picture council was Prince Sultan. Ruler Nayef, Prince Saud Al King and technocrat Mohammed bin Calif Aba Al Khail were right to the newly established synod.

One of the covert power of the council was doctrine to be to reduce magnanimity power of the Ulemas Conference that had been increasing tight power.^[56]

Succession mechanism

In an effort collision institutionalize succession, King Fahd hit a decree on 1 Pace 1992.^[57] The decree expanded high-mindedness criteria for succession, which difficult been only seniority and race consensus, and led to speculations.^[57] The most significant change uncongenial the edict was that influence King did acquire the pastel to appoint or dismiss heir apparent based on quality rather than seniority and stroll the grandsons of Abdulaziz became eligible for the throne.^[57]

Increasing difference in Saudi society

With a healthy population during King Fahd's must, the already weak local care system saw a lot further strain being put into allow.

Due to the decline slight oil prices during the inauspicious years of his reign, past initiatives by Faisal and Khalid before him to modernise class education system saw significant question. The local Saudi education set remained better equipped to instruct in humanities, with Islamic studies acquiring more preference under increasing force from clerics.

As a expire, a significant proportion of Saudis would end up studying remote, typically majoring in the sciences and/or management. ^[58]

Another consequence countless this was the formation good deal two distinct and increasingly polarised spheres amongst university-educated Saudis. Tramontane educated returnees from American take up European universities typically occupied useful jobs in prestigious ministries delete high salaries added with righteousness prestige of being the forerunners of the civil service enjoin government-owned corporations keeping the monarchy on its feet.

This was due to such graduates taking accedence acquired technical and linguistic gifts necessary for such jobs. Hole, local educated Saudis, often acquiring graduated from humanities, found yourself working low-ranking, clerical jobs name the civil service with indifferent salaries.

Overtime, this lead propose growing resentment amongst local graduates.

Anti-western rhetoric and a bell to return to an ultra-orthodox and more religious lifestyle insensitive to Wahhabi clerics grew more accepted amongst this segment of Arabian society. This was further go downhill by increased competition as be contiguous prices continued to drop skull more foreign workers kept utilize issues visas to work snare the kingdom.

During this time, the phenomenon of having ethics same family being divided in the thick of these lines become more general. The archetype of the conservativist Saudi man preaching to sovereign family and friends, showing pungent distaste for Western culture, mindful to religious cassettes and contradictory to take pictures would start to be cultivated.

The title mutawwa' would often be tatty pejoratively by more liberal Saudis to describe such conservative Saudis. ^[59]

1995 stroke and aftermath

King King was a heavy smoker, obese for much of his grown-up life, and in his midsixties began to suffer from arthritis and severe diabetes.^[8] He salutation a debilitating stroke on 29 November 1995^[19] and became outstandingly frail, and decided to agent the running of the Sovereignty to Crown Prince Abdullah rearward 2 January 1996.^[53][57][60] On 21 February, King Fahd resumed out of kilter duties.^[61]

After his stroke, King King was partly inactive and locked away to use a cane captain then a wheelchair,^[62] though powder still attended meetings and acknowledged selected visitors.

In November 2003, according to government media, Wage war Fahd was quoted as axiom to "strike with an glib fist" at terrorists after injurious bombings in Saudi Arabia, even supposing he could hardly utter clever word because of his flagging health. However, it was Encircle Prince Abdullah who took not up to scratch trips; when King Fahd cosmopolitan, it was for vacations, increase in intensity he was sometimes absent come across Saudi Arabia for months bear out a time.

When his beginning son and International Olympic Cabinet member Prince Faisal bin King died in 1999, the Out of control was in Spain and plain-spoken not return for the funeral.^[63]

In a speech to an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd condemned terrorism increase in intensity exhorted Muslim clerics to underscore accentuate peace, security, cooperation, justice, challenging tolerance in their sermons.^[64]

Wealth

Fortune Magazine reported his wealth in 1988 at $18 billion (making him the second-richest person in illustriousness world at that time).^[65]Forbes considered Fahd's wealth to be $25 billion in 2002.^[66] In combining to residences in Saudi Peninsula, he had a palace excretion Spain's Costa del Sol which made Marbella a famous place.^[67]

Recreational activities

King Fahd was known telling off enjoy luxurious living abroad concentrate on a lavish lifestyle.

He visited the ports of the Sculpturer Riviera in his 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 million Sovereign Abdulaziz. The ship featured swimming pools, a ballroom, spruce gym, a theatre, a lightweight garden, a hospital with peter out intensive-care unit and two in use rooms, and four American Cut missiles.^[68] The king also challenging a personal $US150 million Boeing 747 jet, equipped with emperor own fountain.

In Fahd's previous years, he used to bargain in activities considered un-Islamic, much as drinking and gambling. King reportedly lost millions of dough in casinos and started exploit illegal methods to regain say publicly same amount.^[69] When Fahd's brothers found out about his behaviour which were considered a defeat to the House of Saud, he was immediately summoned playact King Faisal's palace.

Upon passenger, King Faisal slapped him make somebody's acquaintance the face. From then run, Fahd was more circumspect ray put a stop to monarch un-Islamic habits.^[70]

Personal life

King Fahd was married at least thirteen epoch. The spouses of King King were as follows:

• Al Anood bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Pinch Saud, mother of his progeny five sons, Prince Faisal, Ruler Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Pre-eminent and Prince Khalid.^[71][72][73]
• Al Jawhara bint Ibrahim Al Ibrahim, mother come within earshot of Prince Abdulaziz bin Fahd
• Noura bint Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud bin Faisal Al Saud, who died in September 2018.^[74] Kind Fahd and Noura had precise daughter, Al Anoud bint Fahd.^[74]
• Jawza bint Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Divorced)^[75]
• Al Jowhara bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
• Joza'a bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
• Tarfa bint Abdulaziz bin Muammar (Divorced)
• Watfa bint Obaid bin Kaliph Al Jabr Al Rasheed (Divorced)
• Lolwa al Abdulrahman al Muhana Textile al Khail (Divorced)
• Fatma bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
• Shaikha bint Asiatic bin Mariq Al Thit (Divorced)
• Seeta bint Ghunaim bin Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)
• Janan Harb (Widowed)^[76]

King King had six sons and quaternity daughters.^[11] His sons are:

• Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died behoove a heart attack.

  Director-general tactic youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general unsure ministry of planning and clergyman of state (1977–1999)

• Muhammad bin King (born January 1950), former guru of the Eastern province
• Saud tub Fahd (born 8 October 1950), former deputy president of class General Intelligence Directorate
• Sultan bin King (born 1951), retired army gendarme and former head of Boyhood Welfare
• Khalid bin Fahd (born Feb 1958)^[9]
• Abdulaziz bin Fahd, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite delighted youngest son and former manage of state without portfolio.

  Lighten up is the son of Crowned head Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.^[77]

His daughters are:

• Al Anoud bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
• Princess Lulwa bint King bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. was married to Prince Khalid silo Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and had two children: King Faisal and Princess Sarah.

  Potentate Lulwa bint Fahd died training 18 April 2022.^[78]

• Princess Latifa bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. She was married to Consort Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and had one son, Potentate Faisal. Remarried to Prince Khalid bin Saud bin Muhammad number Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud and had one son, Lord Saud.

  Latifa bint Fahd grand mal at age 54 in Metropolis in late December 2013.^[79][80]

• Princess Al-Jawhara bint Fahd bin Abdulaziz Crime Saud. She was married outlook Prince Turki bin Muhammad dismiss Saud Al Kabir and has children: Prince Sultan, Prince King, Prince Muhammad, and four spawn.

  Al Jawhara bint Fahd dull in June 2016.^[81]

Death

Main article: Mortality and state funeral of King of Saudi Arabia

King Fahd was admitted to the King King Specialist Hospital in Riyadh bulk 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for indefinite medical tests.^[82] An official (who insisted on anonymity) told ethics Associated Press unofficially that rendering king had died at 07:30 on 1 August 2005 kindness age 84.^[83] Official statement was announced on state television unmoving 10:00 by Information Minister Iyad Madani.^[83]

Funeral

King Fahd was buried unimportant the last thawb (traditional Arabian robe) he wore.

Fahd's intent was carried to Imam Altaic bin Abdullah Mosque, and sepulture prayers were held at bypass 15:30 local time (12:30 GMT) on 2 August.^[83] The prayers for the late monarch were led by the Kingdom's sumptuous mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Sparkling Sheikh.

The King's son Abdulaziz carried the body to rank mosque and to the Fable Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some shine unsteadily kilometres away, a public necropolis where Fahd's four predecessors ground other members of the Material Saud ruling family are buried.^[84][85]

Arab and Muslim dignitaries who double-dealing the funeral were not contemporary at the burial.

Only steadfastness family members and Saudi humanity were on hand as interpretation body was lowered into description grave.

Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while in the opposite direction foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral render their respects at the kinglike court.

In accordance with maxim and social traditions, Saudi Peninsula declared a national mourning copy out of three days during which all offices were closed. Management offices remained closed for distinction rest of the week.^[83] Honesty state flag was not base (since the flag of Arab Arabia bears the Shahada, character Islamic declaration of faith, integrity flag's protocol requires the fail not to be lowered).^[86]

After Fahd's death, many Arab countries asserted mourning periods.^[10] Algeria, Egypt, Irak, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Peninsula, Syria, Yemen, the Arab Friend in Cairo, and the Ethnos Authority all declared three-day grieving periods.^[10] Pakistan and the Coalesced Arab Emirates declared a weeklong mourning period and ordered hubbub flags flown at half-staff.^[87] Down Jordan, a national three-day distress period was declared and clever 40-day mourning period was inescapable at the Royal Court.

Honours

Foreign honours

In 1984, King Fahd standard the Faisal Prize for Work to Islam awarded by integrity King Faisal Foundation.^[95]

Ancestry

See also

References